Laminar flow characterizes the steady, orderly movement of a liquid in layers. Unlike turbulent flow, where particles move chaotically, laminar flow displays predictable patterns. That occurs when a fluid's velocity is relatively low and the viscosity remains high. In such a scenario, each band of liquid slides smoothly past its adjacent layer with

GPS spoofing is becoming a increasing threat to security and safety worldwide. Attackers can manipulate GPS signals to deceive devices into believing they are in a different location, with potentially disastrous consequences. This technology can be used for nefarious purposes such as fraud, kidnapping, and even espionage operations. The increasing